Identificación de la ingesta de azúcares en la dieta de niños mexicanos en edad preescolar / Identificação do consumo de açúcar na dieta das crianças mexicanas dos pré-escolares / Identification of sugar intake in the diet of Mexican preschool children

Introducción: El consumo incrementado de alimentos de alta densidad energética y la falta de actividad física han provocado un aumento de la obesidad infantil, presentando México una de las tasas más elevadas en América Latina. Objetivo: Identificar los principales alimentos que los padres de familia ofrecen a niños de edad preescolar en México, su frecuencia a la semana y la cantidad de azúcar añadida a la dieta. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Se aplicó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENANUT), considerando sexo, edad y escolaridad de los padres, lugar de procedencia, alimentos ofrecidos a los niños incluyendo: leche y productos lácteos, frutas, verduras y alimentos industrializados. Se realizó estadística descriptiva resumida en frecuencias y porcentajes. La asociación de variables (consumo de azúcar y caries) se realizó mediante Chi2 de Pearson considerando p≤0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: n=98 encuestas. El 83,7% de los padres que respondieron fueron mujeres. El 37,8% se encontraba en edades entre los 36 y 40 años. La edad promedio de los niños fue de 4,4±0,76 años. El consumo de frutas y verduras se reportó de 5 a 6 veces a la semana, la fruta de consumo más frecuente fue el plátano y de las verduras la zanahoria. La comida rápida, cereales y dulces los consumen de 2 a 4 veces a la semana. Conclusiones: Esta encuesta indicó un aumento en el consumo de aguas frescas con azúcar y de jugos industrializados.

Introdução: O aumento do consumo de alimentos energéticos e a falta de atividade física têm causado um aumento da obesidade infantil, com o México apresentando uma das maiores taxas da América Latina. Objetivo: Identificar os principais alimentos que os pais oferecem às crianças pré-escolares no México, sua frequência semanal e a quantidade de açúcar adicionada à dieta. Material e métodos: Estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal. Aplicou-se a pesquisa ENSANUT, considerando sexo, idade e escolaridade dos pais, procedência, alimentos oferecidos às crianças, incluindo leite e derivados, frutas, verduras e alimentos industrializados. Foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas resumidas em frequências e percentuais. A associação das variáveis (consumo de açúcar e cárie) foi realizada por meio do Pearson's Chi2 considerando p≤0,05 como estatisticamente significante. Resultado (n=98 pesquisas): 83,7% dos pais que responderam eram mulheres, 37,8% tinham entre 36 e 40 anos e a média de idade das crianças foi de 4,4±0,76 anos. O consumo de frutas e hortaliças foi relatado de 5 a 6 vezes na semana, tendo a banana como a fruta mais consumida e a banana e a cenoura dentre as hortaliças. Comida rápida, cereais e doces são consumidos 2 a 4 vezes por semana. Conclusões: Esta pesquisa indicou um aumento no consumo de água doce com açúcar e sucos industrializados.

Introduction: Increased consumption of energy dense food and the lack of physical activity have led to an increase in child obesity. Mexico ranks one of the highest rates in Latin America. Objective: Identify the main foods that parents offer to preschool children in Mexico. Frequency to the week and the quantity of added sugar to diet. Method: Descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study. A poll ENSANUT was applied, considering, sex, age, parent's school grade, place of origin, foods offered to children, including milk and milk product, fruits and vegetables and processed food. Descriptive statistics summarized in frequencies and percentages were performed. The association of variables (sugar intake vs cavities) was done using Chi2 considering p≤0.05 as statistically significant. Results: n= 98 surveys. 83.7% of the parents who responded were women. 37.8% was between the ages of 36 and 40. The average age of the children was 4.4±0.76 years. Fruit and vegetable consumption was reported 5-6 times a week, banana was the fruit more frequent consumption and the carrot of the vegetable. The fast food, cereal and candies were consumed 2-4 times a week. Conclusions: This survey indicated an increase in the consumption of fresh water with sugar and industrialized juices.

Índice CPOD y ceo-d en niños de 5 a 8 años de una escuela en una localidad de Ecuador / CPOD and ceo-d index in children between 5 and 8 years old from a school in a locality in Ecuador

Las enfermedades orales son las más comunes de las enfermedades crónicas y uno de los problemas más importantes de salud pública debido a su prevalencia, su impacto en los individuos y la sociedad y el costo de su tratamiento. En el caso de los niños este efecto se multiplica por las consecuencias que se derivan para la edad adulta. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar los índices ceo-d en niños escolares de 5 a 8 años en la Unidad Educativa "Alejandro Dávalos Calle", Ecuador. Para ello, bajo una investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, no experimental, de campo y de corte transversal. Se seleccionó como población los niños entre 5 y 8 años de edad en el periodo académico 2017-2018; la muestra estuvo conformada por 96 niños de ambos sexos, previo a consentimiento informado y cumpliendo las normas de bioéticas. Se realizaron revisión de historia clínica de los infantes y se les aplico encuestas validadas por expertos, a estudiantes, representantes y docentes. Se obtuvo prevalencia a caries en el 100% de los niños, 47% con dientes obturados y 64% perdieron piezas dentales, no se encontró evidencia estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de caries y el sexo. El CEOD moderado, identificándose como factores de riesgos el desconocimiento de las medidas higiénicas bucal, baja frecuencia en la revisión odontológica y una dieta altamente cariogénica en estos niños. Se recomienda diseñar campañas educativas integrales que oriente a buenas prácticas de higiene bucal con el objetivo de prevenir y minimizar el número de personas afectadas por este mal(AU)

Oral diseases are the most common of the chronic diseases and one of the most important public health problems due to their prevalence, their impact on individuals and society, and the cost of their treatment. In the case of children, this effect is multiplied by the consequences that are derived for adulthood. The objective of this study was to estimate the ceo-d indices in school children aged 5 to 8 years at the "Alejandro Dávalos Calle" Educational Unit, Ecuador. For this, under an exploratory, descriptive, non-experimental, field and cross-sectional investigation. Children between 5 and 8 years of age in the academic period 2017-2018 were selected as the population; The sample consisted of 96 children of both sexes, prior to informed consent and complying with bioethical norms. The infants' clinical history was reviewed and surveys validated by experts, students, representatives, and teachers were applied. Caries prevalence was obtained in 100% of the children, 47% with filled teeth and 64% lost teeth, no statistically significant evidence was found between the presence of caries and sex. The CEOD is high, identifying as risk factors the ignorance of oral hygiene measures, low frequency in dental check-ups and a highly cariogenic diet in these children. It is recommended to design comprehensive educational campaigns that guide good oral hygiene practices in order to prevent and minimize the number of people affected by this disease(AU)

Effects of high-fat diet intake during perinatal period on reflex-ontogeny and intestinal morphometry of rat offspring

Reflex-ontogeny and intestinal morphometrics were evaluated in Wistar rats whose mothers were fed on a high-fat diet during the perinatal period. Male pups (n=52) formed four experimental groups: NN (pups from mothers with lab chow diet during gestation and lactation); NH (pups from mothers with lab chow diet during pregnancy and high-fat in lactation); HH (pups from mothers with high-fat diet during gestation and lactation); HN (pups from mothers with high-fat diet during pregnancy and lab chow in lactation). The reflex ontogeny, the maturation of physical characteristics and parameters of somatic growth were evaluated during lactation. In addition, the body mass index (BMI), the specific rate of weight gain (SRWG), the Lee index, the weight of the brain and intestinal parameters were analyzed after weaning. High-fat diet during pregnancy (HH and HN groups) delayed the maturation of reflexes and physical characteristics. The high-fat diet affected somatic growth differently, reducing somatic growth parameters in the groups NH and HH and increasing in the HN group. The highest SRWG was found in group HN. SRWG and BMI were reduced in the groups NH and HH. The relative intestinal weight was reduced in the groups NH, HH and HN. The relative length of small intestine was longer in group HN than in group NN. The total height of the mucosa and size of the villous were lower in group HH than in group NN. In conclusion, high-fat diet promoted negative consequences for the development of the nervous and enteric systems of the offspring(AU)

Ontogenia refleja y morfometría intestinal fueron evaluados en crías de ratas Wistar que fueron alimentadas con una dieta alta en grasas durante el período perinatal. Los descendientes machos (n = 52) formaron cuatro grupos experimentales: NN (hijos de madres que utilizaron alimentos de laboratorio durante la gestación y la lactancia); NH (hijos de madres que comieron dieta de laboratorio durante el embarazo y dieta con un alto contenido de grasas en la lactancia); HH (hijos de madres con una dieta alta en grasas durante el embarazo y la lactancia); HN (hijos de madres que comieron una dieta alta en grasas durante el embarazo y comida de laboratorio durante la lactancia). La ontogenia refleja, la maduración de las características físicas y los parámetros de crecimiento somático durante la lactancia fueron evaluados. Además, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la tasa específica de aumento de peso (SRWG), el índice de Lee, el peso cerebral y los parámetros intestinales fueron analizados después del destete. La dieta alta en grasas durante el embarazo (grupos HH y HN) retrasó la maduración de reflejos y características físicas. La dieta alta en grasas afectó el crecimiento somático de manera diferente, reduciendo los parámetros de crecimiento somático en los grupos NH y HH y aumentando en el grupo HN. El SRWG más grande se encontró en el grupo HN. El SRWG y el IMC se redujeron en los grupos NH y HH. El peso relativo intestinal se redujo en los grupos NH, HH y HN. La longitud relativa del intestino delgado fue mayor en el grupo HN que en el grupo NN. La altura total de la mucosa y el tamaño de las vellosidades fueron menores en el grupo HH que en el grupo NN. En conclusión, la dieta alta en grasas tuvo consecuencias negativas para el desarrollo de los sistemas nervioso y entérico de la prole(AU)

Timing of sugar introduction in diet and early childhood caries: a population-based study in preschoolers / Momento de introdução de açúcar na dieta e cárie na primeira infância: um estudo de base populacional em pré-escolares

Abstract Introduction Sugar ingestion is the most important isolated factor related to dental caries. Contact with sugary foods at an early age may represent a risk to the oral health of preschool children. Objective To evaluate the timing of the introduction of sugar in the diet of preschoolers and its association with early childhood caries. Material and method Cross-sectional population-based study with 888 five-year-old preschoolers from public and private schools. Parents answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, eating habits and oral health. The variables timing of sugar introduction (>1 year and ≤1 year) and dental caries experience were dichotomized and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression (p<0.05). Result The introduction of sugar in the diet occurred during the first twelve months of life for 73.8% of preschoolers. There was no association between the timing of sugar introduction and early childhood caries (p>0.05). The interruption of exclusive breastfeeding and low family income increased the prevalence of preschoolers having early contact with sugar by 32% and 23%, respectively (p<0.05). The prevalence of early childhood caries was 42.3% and was associated with a lower level of maternal education, low income, increased frequency of ingestion of candy and the use of nonfluoridated toothpaste (p<0.05). Conclusion The introduction of sugar in the diet occurred during the first year of life in most preschoolers and there was no association with early childhood caries.

Resumo Introdução A ingestão de açúcar é um importante fator relacionado à cárie dentária. O contato com alimentos açucarados em idade precoce pode representar risco para a saúde bucal de crianças em idade pré-escolar. Objetivo Avaliar o momento de introdução do açúcar na dieta de pré-escolares e sua associação com a cárie na primeira infância. Material e método Estudo transversal de base populacional com 888 pré-escolares de cinco anos de escolas públicas e privadas. Os pais responderam questionário sobre dados sociodemográficos, hábitos alimentares e saúde bucal. As variáveis ​​tempo de introdução do açúcar (> 1 ano e ≤1 ano) e experiência de cárie dentária foram dicotomizadas e os dados foram analisados ​​por meio de estatística descritiva e regressão de Poisson (p <0,05). Resultado A introdução do açúcar na dieta ocorreu nos primeiros doze meses de vida para 73,8% dos pré-escolares. Não houve associação entre o momento de introdução do açúcar e a cárie na primeira infância (p> 0,05). A interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a baixa renda familiar aumentaram a prevalência de pré-escolares com contato precoce com açúcar em 32% e 23%, respectivamente (p <0,05). A prevalência de cárie na primeira infância foi de 42,3% e esteve associada à menor escolaridade materna, baixa renda, maior frequência de ingestão de doces e uso de dentifrício não fluoretado (p <0,05). Conclusão A introdução de açúcar na dieta ocorreu durante o primeiro ano de vida na maioria dos pré-escolares e não houve associação com cárie na primeira infância.

Estado nutricional y preferencia del sabor dulce en adultos chilenos / Nutritional status and sweet taste preference in Chilean adults

El dramático aumento de la prevalencia e incidencia de la obesidad sugiere que factores ambientales y cambios en el estilo de vida contribuyen de forma importante a su tendencia epidémica. En humanos, se han reportado diferencias interindividuales en los umbrales de detección y preferencia del sabor dulce, lo que podría afectar la ingesta habitual de azúcares, y por ende al estado nutricional. Objetivo: El presente estudio busca determinar la relación entre el estado nutricional y la preferencia al sabor dulce en la comunidad de un establecimiento de educación superior. Método: Muestra fue constituida por estudiantes, funcionarios y docentes, entre 18 y 60 años, pertenecientes a la Universidad Mayor, Sede Temuco. Para determinar preferencia al sabor dulce se empleó prueba organoléptica que mide grado de satisfacción frente a solución dulce, junto a ello se realizaron mediciones de peso y talla para determinar el Índice de Masa Corporal. Resultados: Muestra final comprendió de 319 personas, de las cuales un 30,1% fueron hombres y 69,9% mujeres. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la preferencia hacia las soluciones con mayor concentración de sacarosa según el estado nutricional. Sin embargo, el modelo predictivo desarrollado arrojó que hombres prefieren las soluciones con mayor concentración de azúcar independiente de la edad y estado nutricional. Conclusiones: Es necesario desarrollar nuevos estudios que permitan aclarar si la preferencia al sabor dulce favorece el desarrollo de obesidad y sobrepeso, o si es la composición nutricional de los alimentos procesados o ultraprocesados, lo que está teniendo un mayor impacto negativo en el estado nutricional de la población(AU)

The dramatic increase in the prevalence and incidence of obesity seems to suggest that environmental factors and lifestyle changes are contributing significantly to the epidemic trend of this pathology. In humans, inter-individual differences in the thresholds of preference of sweet taste have been reported, which could affect habitual sugar intake, and therefore the nutritional status. Objective: The present study seeks to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the preference of sweet taste in the population of a higher education establishment. Method: Sample was constituted by students, officials and teachers between 18 and 60 years, belonging to the Universidad Mayor, Temuco. To determine the perception of the sweet taste, an organoleptic test was used that measures the degree of satisfaction with the sweet solution, along with this, weight and height measurements were made to determine the Body Mass Index. Results: Final sample comprised 319 people, of which 30.1% were men and 69.9% women. No significant differences were observed in the preference for solutions with a higher concentration of sucrose according to nutritional status. However, a predictive model developed showed that men prefer the solutions with the highest concentration of sugar regardless of age and nutritional status. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop new studies to clarify whether the preference for sweet taste favors the development of obesity and overweight, or if it is the nutritional composition of processed or ultraprocessed foods, which is having a greater negative impact on the nutritional status of the population.(AU)

Stages of change in the purchase of ultra-processed snacks among university students after the implementation of the chilean food law; a multi-center study

The Objective is to determine the stages of change in the behavior of university students regarding the purchase of ultra-processed snacks consumed. Multi-center study (14 Chilean universities). The participants (4,807 students)evaluated were applied a survey to determine the stage of change of behavior regarding the purchase of foods with warning signs. The students were evaluated and classified as (a) Nutrition Students, (b) Healthcare-related Students and (c) Other degree Students. More than 90% of the students were aware of the food regulation and knew the warning signs. More than 60% of Healthcare-related and Other degree students are in the stage of pre-contemplation or contemplation regarding purchase intent of sugary drinks, juices, cookies, sweet snacks and potato chips; this value is twice the percentage of Nutrition students in this stages ( Chi2, p<0.001). In conclusion there is a high proportion of pre-contemplation and contemplation with respect to purchase intent among the students(AU)

Determinar las etapas de cambio en el comportamiento de los estudiantes universitarios con respecto a la compra de colaciones ultraprocesadas. Estudio Multicéntrico (14 universidades chilenas). A los participantes (4.807 estudiantes) se les aplicó una encuesta para determinar el cambio en el comportamiento con respecto a la compra de alimentos con sellos de advertencia. Los estudiantes se clasificaron como (a) estudiantes de nutrición, (b) estudiantes del área de la salud y (c) estudiantes de otras carreras. Se evaluaron. Más del 90% de los estudiantes conocían la regulación alimentaria y conocían las señales de advertencia. Más del 60% de los estudiantes de la salud y de otras carreras se encuentran en la etapa de pre-contemplación o contemplación con respecto a la intención de compra de bebidas azucaradas, jugos, galletas, bocadillos dulces y papas fritas; Este valor es el doble del porcentaje de estudiantes de nutrición en estas etapas ( Chi2, p <0,001). Se concluye que existe una alta proporción de pre-contemplación y contemplación con respecto a la intención de compra entre los estudiantes universitarios(AU)

Consumo de azúcares totales y su asociación con obesidad en población chilena - Resultados del estudio GENADIO / Total sugar consumption and its association with obesity in Chilean adults

Background: Sugar intake is a risk factor for the development of obesity. Aim: To investigate the association between total sugar intake and obesity markers in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 396 participants of the GENADIO study. Anthropometric measurements (body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio, and % body fat) were measured through standardized protocols. Total sugar intake was determined from a 7-days weighted food daily. Sugar intake expressed in g/day was categorized into quartiles. Results: Higher sugar intake was associated with a higher BMI, WC and HC but not with body fat %. One quartile increment in sugar intake was associated with 1.50 kg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49; 2.50] higher body weight, 0.34 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.01; 0.69] higher BMI, 1.23 cm [95% CI: 0.11; 2.34] higher WC, 1.39 cm [95% CI: 0.28; 2.50] higher HC and 0.02 the waist-to-hip ratio [95% C: 0.01; 0.02]. Conclusions: Total sugar intake was associated with higher adiposity levels in these Chilean adults.

High-sugar diet leads to obesity and metabolic diseases in ad libitum -fed rats irrespective of caloric intake

ABSTRACT Objective Provide a comprehensive view of the events surrounding the sugar consumption, under conditions of energy equivalence; through the analysis of behavioral aspects of intake, and of biochemical, metabolic and physiological parameters, as well as the effect of this nutrient on the plasticity of adipose tissue. Materials and methods Newly weaned male Wistar rats were classified in two groups and subjected to the following normocaloric diets: standard chow diet or to high-sugar diet (HSD) ad libitum for 18 weeks. Results The animals submitted to the HSD were associated with a lower caloric intake during the 18 weeks of experimentation. However, the HSD induced a significant increase in body weight, white adipose tissue weight, adiposity index, Lee index, and the levels of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein in the serum. In addition, it induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and compensatory increase of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. Also increased heart rate and induced hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of retroperitoneal visceral adipose tissue. In the liver, the HSD was associated with increased hepatic lipid content (i.e., triglycerides and cholesterol) and hepatomegaly. Conclusion The post-weaning consumption of HSD induces an adaptive response in metabolism; however, such an event is not enough to reverse the homeostatic imbalance triggered by the chronic consumption of this macronutrient, leading to the development of metabolic syndrome, irrespective of caloric intake. These findings corroborate recent evidence indicating that sugar is a direct contributor to metabolic diseases independent of a positive energy balance. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(1):71-81

Compliance of school food guidelines in primary schools in Mexico City

Childhood obesity is a major public health issue in Mexico. Schools are important settings to promote healthy eating habits. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of compliance with 2010 and 2014 Mexican school food guidelines in six public primary schools in Mexico City. The instruments for this study included semi-structured interviews (n=17) with principals, food vendors and members of the School Vending Committee, focus groups (n=10) with teachers and with parents, observation of six schools' environments, questionnaires applied to 325 schoolchildren from 4th, 5th and 6th grades and their parents, and a food analysis of items sold at school vending. Guidelines' compliance was assessed using all instruments accordingly. It was low in every dimension: 1) Acknowledgment of school food guidelines: None of the participants were familiar with the 2014 guidelines. 2) Healthy environment enhancement: Children lacked free access to safe drinking water. Children had up to five opportunities to eat during school day besides breakfast at home. Most children (67.7%) ate three to four times. 3) Operability of food and beverages sale and consumption: The only training provided to stakeholders was an annual session on hygiene to school food vendors. The majority of food and beverages offered at school vending exceeded energy, sodium, fat and added sugar content as established. Children sold energy-dense foods for school fundraising. Lack of dissemination and acknowledgment of the guidelines, defined roles and policy procedures, as well as training and capacity building for stakeholders impeded school food guidelines'proper implementation(AU)

La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública en México. La escuela es un lugar importante para promover hábitos saludables. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el cumplimiento de los lineamientos escolares de alimentos de 2010 y 2014 en seis escuelas primarias públicas de la Ciudad de México. Los instrumentos incluyen entrevistas semi-estructuradas (n=17) con directores, vendedores de alimentos y miembros del Comité del Establecimiento de Consumo Escolar, grupos focales (n=10) con padres y con profesores, observación del entorno escolar, cuestionarios aplicados a 325 niños de 4º, 5º y 6º grado y a sus padres, y un análisis de los alimentos ofrecidos en la venta escolar. El cumplimiento de los lineamientos fue bajo en cada dimensión: 1) Conocimiento de los lineamientos: Ninguno de los participantes conocía los lineamientos de 2014. 2) Promoción de un ambiente saludable: No se tenía acceso libre a agua simple potable. Los niños tenían cinco oportunidades para comer durante la jornada escolar además del desayuno en casa. La mayoría de los niños (67.7%) comía de 3 a 4 veces. 3) Operatividad de la venta y consumo de alimentos y bebidas: La única capacitación fue una sesión anual de higiene a los vendedores. La mayoría de los alimentos y bebidas excedía los límites establecidos de calorías, sodio, grasa y azúcar añadida. Los niños vendían alimentos densos en energía para recaudar fondos. La falta de difusión de las guías, roles y políticas no definidos y una mínima capacitación obstaculizaron la implementación de los lineamientos(AU)

Main sources of added sugar in Argentina

The high consumption of added sugars in the diet of the Argentine population and its consequent effect on health are current concerns both at the clinical and public health levels. The objective of this study was to determine the main sources of added sugars in the Argentine diet and the proportional energy contribution of each of them. The sample consisted of 1266 individuals, representative of the country's urban population from 15 to 65 years old, stratified by region, age, gender and socio-economic level. Two 24-hour dietary recalls and one socio-economic questionnaire were carried out. Among the total food and beverages consumed by Argentines, 26.9% of added sugars were provided by soft drinks and 23.8% by infusions. The third place, with 15.4%, came from baked goods (bread, cookies, etc.) and the fourth, with 12%, from ready-to-prepare juices, ahead of sweets and candies and dairy products. Men, compared to women, consumed significantly more added sugars in soft drinks (32.6 vs. 22.1%), while women consumed more added sugars in infusions (25.5 vs. 21.8%), baked goods, sugar and honey. The lower income population consumed significantly more sugar in infusions at the expense of "mate" (21.4 vs. 7 g/day), while no differences were observed in the consumption of soft drinks by socio-economic level (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/day). Urgent measures based on education could improve the consumption habits of added sugars and the health of the population.

El alto consumo de azúcares añadidos en la dieta de la población argentina y su consecuente efecto sobre la salud son preocupaciones actuales tanto a nivel clínico como de salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar las principales fuentes de azúcares añadidos de la dieta argentina y determinar el aporte proporcional de energía de cada una de ellas. La muestra consistió en 1266 individuos, representativa de la población urbana del país de 15 a 65 años y estratificada por región, edad, género y nivel socioeconómico. Se efectuaron dos recordatorios de ingesta de 24 horas y un cuestionario de nivel socioeconómico. Entre el total de alimentos y bebidas consumidos por los argentinos el 26.9% del azúcar lo aportaron las gaseosas y el 23.8% las infusiones. El tercer lugar, con 15.4%, provino de los panificados (pan, galletitas, facturas) y el cuarto, con 12%, de jugos listos para preparar, por delante de los dulces y golosinas y lácteos. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres consumieron significativamente más azúcares añadidos en gaseosas (32.6 vs. 22.1%) y las mujeres más en infusiones (25.5 vs. 21.8%), panificados, azúcar y miel. La población de menores recursos consumió significativamente más azúcar en infusiones a expensas del mate (21.4 vs. 7 g/día) y no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de gaseosas por nivel socioeconómico (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/día). Urgentes medidas basadas en la educación podrían mejorar los hábitos de consumo de azúcares y la salud de la población.

Principales fuentes de azúcares de adición en Argentina / Main sources of added sugars in Argentina

El alto consumo de azúcares añadidos en la dieta de la población argentina y su consecuente efecto sobre la salud son preocupaciones actuales tanto a nivel clínico como de salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar las principales fuentes de azúcares añadidos de la dieta argentina y determinar el aporte proporcional de energía de cada una de ellas. La muestra consistió en 1266 individuos, representativa de la población urbana del país de 15 a 65 años y estratificada por región, edad, género y nivel socioeconómico. Se efectuaron dos recordatorios de ingesta de 24 horas y un cuestionario de nivel socioeconómico. Entre el total de alimentos y bebidas consumidos, el 26.9% del azúcar lo aportaron las gaseosas y el 23.8% las infusiones. El tercer lugar, con 15.4%, provino de los panificados (pan, galletitas, facturas) y el cuarto, con 12%, de jugos listos para preparar, por delante de los dulces, golosinas y lácteos. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres consumieron significativamente más azúcares añadidos en gaseosas (32.6 vs. 22.1%) y las mujeres más en infusiones (25.5% vs. 21.8), panificados, azúcar y miel. La población de menores recursos consumió significativamente más azúcar en infusiones a expensas del mate (21.4 vs. 7 g/día) y no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de gaseosas por nivel socioeconómico (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/día). Urgentes medidas basadas en la educación podrían mejorar los hábitos de consumo de azúcares y la salud de la población.

The high consumption of added sugars in the diet of the Argentine population and its consequent effect on health are current concerns both at the clinical and public health levels. The objective of this study was to determine the main sources of added sugars in the Argentine diet and to determine the proportional energy contribution of each of them. The sample consisted of 1266 individuals, representative of the country's urban population from 15 to 65 years old, stratified by region, age, gender and socio-economic level. Two 24-hour intake records and one socio-economic questionnaire were carried out. Among the total food and beverages consumed, 26.9% of added sugars was contributed by soft drinks and 23.8% by infusions. The third place, with 15.4%, was obtained by baked goods (bread, cookies, etc.) and the fourth, with 12%, from ready-to-prepare juices, ahead of sweets, candies and dairy products. Men, compared to women, consumed significantly more added sugars in soft drinks (32.6 vs. 22.1%) and women more in infusions (25.5% vs. 21.8%), baked goods, sugar and honey. The lower income population consumed significantly more sugar in infusions at the expense of "mate" (21.4 vs. 7 g/day) and no differences were observed in the consumption of soft drinks by socio-economic level (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/day). Urgent measures based on education could improve the consumption habits of added sugars and the health of the population.

Consumo de açúcares de adição por adolescentes em estudo de base populacional / Added sugar intake by adolescents: A population-based study

Resumo Objetivou-se estimar a prevalência de ingestão de açúcares de adição dentro do limite máximo de 5% da energia total da dieta, segundo variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, de comportamentos relacionados à saúde e estado nutricional, em adolescentes. Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra por conglomerados e em dois estágios. A quantidade de açúcar livre da dieta foi estimada por meio do Recordatório de 24 horas. Dos 924 adolescentes avaliados, apenas 20,1% (IC95%: 16,8-23,9) se enquadraram na recomendação de não exceder 5% das calorias totais com açúcares de adição. Maiores prevalências de atendimento à recomendação foram verificadas no sexo masculino (22,0%), nos adolescentes de 15-19 anos (24,3%), nos não naturais do estado de São Paulo (30,4%), nos que tinham menor tempo de tela (27,5%), nos que possuíam menor número de equipamentos domésticos (0-7: 29,5%; 8-15: 20,3%) e naqueles com escores superiores de qualidade da dieta (tercil 2: 17,7%, tercil 3: 37,2%). Os resultados apontam os fatores associados ao consumo de açúcares de adição numa perspectiva epidemiológica, revelando uma simultaneidade de comportamentos inadequados, ou seja, os adolescentes que ingerem mais açúcares também apresentam maior tempo de tela e pior qualidade global da dieta.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of added sugar intake within the maximum limit of 5% of the total energy of the diet and test associations with demographic/socioeconomic characteristics, health-related behaviors and nutritional status in adolescents. A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with two-stage cluster sampling. The amount of free sugar in the diet was estimated using a 24-hour dietary recall. Among the 924 adolescents evaluated, only 20.1% (95% CI: 16.8-23.9) met the recommendation of not exceeding 5% of total calories with added sugar. Higher prevalence rates of adherence to the recommendation were found among males (22.0%), adolescents aged 15 to 19 years (24.3%), those born outside the state of São Paulo (30.4%), those with less screen time (27.5%), those with a lower number of household appliances (0-7: 29.5%; 8-15: 20.3%) and those with higher diet quality scores (2nd tertile: 17.7%; 3rd tertile: 37.2%). The findings demonstrate factors associated with added sugar intake from an epidemiological perspective, revealing the simultaneity of inappropriate behaviors, that is, the adolescents who consume more sugar also have longer screen time and worse overall diet quality.

Consumo de azúcar añadido en la población urbana costarricense: estudio latinoamericano de nutrición y salud ELANS-Costa Rica / Added sugar intake in a Costa Rican urban population: Latin American nutrition and health study ELANS-Costa Rica

Resumen Objetivo : El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el consumo de azúcares añadidos por la población urbana costarricense y los factores asociados a este. Método: Estudio transversal donde se analizan los datos de 798 participantes del Estudio ELANS-Costa Rica, que constituyen una muestra representativa de la población urbana costarricense, (con edades entre 15 y 65 años). Para conocer el consumo de azúcares añadidos, se realizan dos recordatorios de 24 horas, en días no consecutivos. Se recolectan variables sociodemográficas, cantidad, lugar y momento del consumo. Resultados: El consumo de azúcares añadidos representa el 14,7% de la energía consumida por la población urbana costarricense, siendo este porcentaje mayor en las mujeres y en las personas más jóvenes. La mayor cantidad de azúcares añadidos se consume en el hogar y durante las meriendas. Las bebidas azucaradas constituyen la principal fuente de azúcares añadidos en la dieta costarricense, y las bebidas gaseosas son la fuente más importante en el quintil de mayor consumo. Conclusión: La ingesta de energía obtenida de los azúcares añadidos supera la recomendación máxima establecida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, por lo tanto, es necesario establecer políticas públicas dirigidas a reducir su consumo y a la modificación de conductas asociadas a la preparación e ingesta de alimentos fuente de azúcares añadidos.

Abstract Aim: High consumption of added sugars has been associated with a greater risk of chronic diseases, appearance of caries and weight gain, which implies a lower quality of life for the population and an increase in costs for the health system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of added sugar and its related factors in urban Costa Rican population. Methods : This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a representative sample of the Costa Rican urban population (798 participants aged between 15 and 65 years). To determine the consumption of added sugars, two 24 hours recalls were conducted, in non-consecutive days. Sociodemographic variables, quantity of food consumed, place and time of consumption were collected. Results: The consumption of added sugars represents 14.7% of total energy intake for the Costa Rican urban population. This consumption is higher among women and younger people. The greater amount of added sugars was consumed in the home and during snacks. Sugar-sweetened beverages were the main source of this added sugar in the Costa Rican diet and soft drinks were the most important source in the highest consumption quintile. Conclusions: The intake of energy obtained from the added sugars exceeds the máximum recommendation established by the World Health Organization, therefore it is necessary to establish public policies aimed at reducing consumption and modifying behaviors associated with the preparation and intake of food source of added sugars.

Consumo de calcio y otros predictores de la densidad mineral ósea en adolescentes venezolanos / Calcium consumption and other predictors of bone mineral density in Venezuelan adolescents

La acumulación adecuada de masa ósea durante la adolescencia es un factor protector para osteoporosis y otras afecciones óseas, por tanto, resulta relevante la evaluación del consumo de calcio y de otros determinantes de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO), en adolescentes. Se evaluó el consumo de calcio, otros factores biológicos y de estilo de vida, como predictores de la DMO en adolescentes venezolanos. Se realizó un estudio transversal, correlacional en 60 adolescentes (15 a 18 años), de la cohorte 2011-2012 del Programa Igualdad de Oportunidades de la Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB). La DMO, y el consumo de calcio y bebidas antagonistas del metabolismo del calcio, se determinaron mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de alimentos; También se evaluó el estado nutricional (por índice de masa corporal) y el nivel de actividad física. En promedio, la ingesta de calcio fue adecuada (1183 mujeres y 1315 mg/d hombres) y las principales fuente de calcio fueron la leche y sus derivados. Sin embargo, el 42% de los individuos presentó un consumo de calcio por debajo de lo recomendado. Los niveles de actividad física fueron entre bajos y moderados. El 95% de los adolescentes presentaron una DMO adecuada para su edad, siendo el sexo y el consumo de calcio los principales predictores. El consumo de calcio es un determinante importante de la DMO, siendo necesario para garantizar una contribución dietética adecuada durante la adolescencia, con el fin de prevenir un riesgo de deficiencia nutricional que pueda afectar la salud ósea(AU)

The adequate accumulation of bone mass during adolescence is a protective factor against the development of osteoporosis and other bone conditions. Therefore, evaluation of the consumption of calcium and other determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents is relevant. The consumption of calcium and other biological and lifestyle factors were evaluated as predictors of BMD in Venezuelan adolescents. A correlational cross-sectional study was conducted in a group of 60 adolescents (15-18 years old), of the 2011-2012 cohort of the Equal Opportunities Program of the Simón Bolívar University (USB). BMD, and the consumption of calcium and drinks antagonistic to calcium metabolism, were determined through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire; the nutritional status (by body mass index) and the level of physical activity were also evaluated. On average, calcium intake was adequate (1183 women and 1315 mg/d men) and the main sources of calcium were milk and its derivatives. However, 42% of individuals had a calcium intake below recommended. The majority of adolescents presented BMI within normal values (78.4% women and 69.6% men). Physical activity levels were between low and moderate. 95% of adolescents presented an adequate BMD for their age, being sex and calcium consumption the main predictors. The calcium consumption is an important determinant of BMD, being necessary to ensure an adequate dietary contribution during adolescence, with the purpose of preventing a risk of nutritional deficiency that may affects bone health(AU)

Actitudes de madres de preescolares ante la implementación de la ley de etiquetado nutricional en Chile / Attitudes of mothers of preschools in the implementation of the nutritional labeling law in Chile

Debido a los cambios en los estilos de vida y su reflejo en la prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso a nivel mundial, en Chile (2016) se aprobó la Ley sobre Composición de los Alimentos y su Publicidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las actitudes alimentarias en madres de preescolares de distinto nivel socioeconómico y el estado nutricional de sus hijos, frente a la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas a través de distintas formas de promoción comercial, así como su actitud ante la Ley 20.606. Se aplicó una encuesta validada, la cual incluye preguntas sobre las etiquetas en los envases de los alimentos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables y se determinó si existía diferencias entre la distribución de las respuestas según NSE mediante la prueba Chi2 .Al consultar los lugares en los que han visto publicidad de alimentos, 72% de las madres refiere haberla visto en los supermercados y 48,5% en internet. Sólo 34, 8% refirió recordar algún comercial en particular, y al solicitarles que especificaran el comercial que recordaban, 45,3% nombró alguna bebida azucarada y 13,6% alguna de yogurt. Respecto a los sellos de advertencia presentes en los envases de los alimentos, 87% declaró que les gustaban o les parecían bien. Sólo 43,6% respondió que había dejado de comprar alimentos con dichos sellos. Estos resultados serán útiles para el diseño de intervenciones específicas para este importante grupo, ya que un cambio positivo en sus conductas actuales podría repercutir en la creación de hábitos saludables en sus hijos e hijas(AU)

Due to changes in lifestyles and its reflection on the worldwide prevalence of malnutrition due to excess, in Chile (2016) the Law on Food Composition and its Advertising was approved. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional attitudes of 509 mothers of preschoolers of different socioeconomic levels and the nutritional status of their children, in front of the advertising of food and beverages through different forms of commercial promotion, as well as their attitude towards Law 20,606. A validated survey was applied, which includes questions about labels on food containers. A descriptive analysis of the variables was carried out to determine if there were differences between the distributions of the responses according to the SEL using the Chi2 test. When consulting the places where they have seen the food advertising, 72% of the mothers reported having seen it in the supermarkets and 48.5% on the internet. Only 34, 8% reported to remembering a particular commercial, and when asked to specify the commercial they remembered, 45.3% named a sugary drink and 13.6% some yogurt. Regarding the warning seals present on food containers, 87% stated that they liked them or they seemed good to them. Only 43.6% answered that they have stopped buying foods with these labels. These results will be useful for the design of specific interventions for this important group, since a positive change in their current behaviors could have an impact on the creation of healthy habits in their children(AU)

Non-caloric sweeteners and body weight

Both total caloric intake and consumption of free sugars is higher than recommended. This situation contributes, among many other factors, to the increase of overweight and obesity in the population. To maintain the sweet taste of foods and beverages while reducing the caloric content and the amount of free sugars in said products, many people choose to replace sugary products in their diet for options containing non-caloric sweeteners. This change in their dietary choice is accompanied by an increasing number of consultations with health professionals about the effects that non-caloric sweeteners could have on their body weight. Results reported in different scientific publications seem contradictory in relation to this topic: some of them, showing a positive association between the consumption of non-caloric sweeteners and energy intake and body weight, while others reporting that the consumption of these additives -in replacement of sugar- may lead to a reduction in caloric intake and body weight. The main objective of this article is to review the available evidence on the consumption of non-caloric sweeteners in relation to body weight, thus providing another tool for health professionals to make nutritional recommendations based on the best available evidence.

Tanto la ingesta calórica total como el consumo de azúcares libres son mayores a los recomendados. Esta situación contribuye, entre muchos otros factores, al aumento del sobrepeso y la obesidad en la población. Para mantener el sabor dulce de los alimentos y bebidas, y a la vez reducir el contenido calórico y la cantidad de azúcares en los mismos, cada vez más personas optan por reemplazar los productos azucarados en su dieta por edulcorantes no calóricos. Este cambio dietario se acompaña de un creciente número de consultas con profesionales de la salud, sobre los efectos que los edulcorantes no calóricos podrían tener sobre el peso corporal. Resultados comunicados en diversas publicaciones científicas parecen contradictorios con relación a este tema, algunas informan una asociación positiva entre el consumo de edulcorantes no calóricos, la ingesta energética y el peso corporal, y otras muestran que el consumo de estos aditivos -en reemplazo del azúcar- lleva a una reducción de la ingesta calórica y a un descenso de peso. El principal objetivo de este artículo es repasar la evidencia disponible sobre el consumo de edulcorantes no calóricos con relación al peso corporal, brindando así una herramienta más para que los profesionales de la salud puedan hacer recomendaciones nutricionales basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible.

Perfil de consumo y costo de bebidas habituales y recomendadas en méxico, 2012-2018 / Profile of consumption and cost of usual and recommended drinks in mexico, 2012-2018

El objetivo de este estudio fue medir y comparar el comportamiento inflacionario del costo de las Bebidas Habituales y del costo de la Jarra de Bebidas Recomendada para la población mexicana. Basados en información sobre el consumo de bebidas en adultos (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición) y de los precios promedio mensuales (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) para cada bebida durante enero 2012 - Junio 2017, se calcularon los costos del consumo y la inflación de bebidas habitual y recomendado. El costo de las Bebidas Recomendadas es consistentemente mayor que el de las Bebidas Habituales. Las tasas de inflación son similares excepto en 2014 cuando se introdujo el impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas. Se encuentra que los precios y la inflación de las bebidas con azucares añadidos y de las bebidas habituales responden menos que proporcionalmente. Una inflación del costo de las bebidas recomendadas más alta que las habituales puede incrementar la demanda por bebidas habituales. El comportamiento de la inflación revela que el impuesto a bebidas azucaradas puede ser efectivo pero transitorio(AU)

The aim of this study was to measure and compare the inflationary behavior of the Usual Drinks Intake cost and the Recommended Drinks Intake Jar cost for the Mexican population. Based on information about the consumption of drinks in adults (National Health and Nutrition Survey) and of the average monthly prices (National Institute for Statistic and Geography) for each specific drink during January 2012-June 2017, we calculate consumption costs and inflation of usual and recommended drink intakes. The cost of the recommended drinks is consistently higher than the usual drinks cost. Inflation rates are similar in both drink intakes except in 2014, when the tax to sugary drinks was implemented. Prices and inflation of sugary drinks and usual drinks respond less than proportionally. A higher inflation of recommended drink costs compared to the usual drinks inflation could increase the demand for usual drinks. The behavior of inflation reveals that the tax to sugary drinks can be effective, but transitory(AU)